Course Catalog

The math department helps students develop skills needed for further work in mathematics and everyday life through the teaching of critical thinking, logical reasoning, problem solving and decision making, as well as appreciation for the field of mathematics. Placement in math courses is based on the recommendation of previous math teachers and/or previous courses and test scores. This chart lists recommended, yet flexible, course sequences.

Grade 6 :
Students with average/good math skills: Pre-Algebra I
Students with outstanding math skills: Pre-Algebra II
There is an additional course available to 6th graders who are not yet ready for Pre-Algebra I.

Grade 7:
Students with average/good math skills: Pre-Algebra II
Students with outstanding math skills: Algebra I

Grade 8:
Students with average/good math skills: Algebra I
Students with outstanding math skills: Geometry

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Pre-Algebra I
year-long
This course begins by reviewing the connection between factors, multiples, fractions and percents. The winter portion looks at how to create and interpret graphs (with a unit on trading stocks) and also has a unit on statistics and data analysis (utilizing elements of the Iditarod dog sled race). Spring semester explores predicting outcomes through the use of variables, integers and formulas (pre-Algebra) . This trimester concludes with an introduction to geometry (lengths, areas and the Pythagorean Theorem).

Pre-Algebra II
year-long
This course includes an introduction to algebra, integers and negative exponents, rational numbers, percentages, and strategies for solving equations and inequalities. Topics in geometry, graphing of linear equations, areas and volume, ratio and proportion, and the Pythagorean Theorem are also studied.

Algebra I
year-long
This course includes solving equations and inequalities, operations with real numbers, problem solving, graphing linear equations, applying formulas, solving systems of equations, exponents and radicals, operations with polynomials, solving and graphing quadratics, proportion and rational equations.

Geometry
year-long
This course includes the nature of deductive reasoning, planning and writing proofs, lines, planes, angles, polygons, congruence, parallels, similarity, circles, solids, coordinate geometry, vectors and trigonometry.

Science is important not only for the questions it answers, but also for the questions it asks. The study of science teaches basic principles of the physical and biological world and their application to everyday lives. Lab performance and projects, as well as small group work and tests, are a significant factor in student evaluation.

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* indicates a required course.

*Science 6
year-long
Sixth Grade science is an introduction to the basic principles of chemistry starting with the properties of matter, atoms, molecules, and compounds and mixtures. Over the course of the year, students will also work through code.org and complete engineering and design projects.

*Life Science (7)
year-long
In this course students learn about ecology, cell structure and function, and human body systems. Students participate in an in-depth study of birds, using student-made bird feeders to collect data for research about local bird populations.

*Earth Science (8)
year-long
In Earth Science the students study geology, environmental science, meteorology, and astronomy. In this lab-intensive course, students learn how to write hypotheses, design procedures to test those hypotheses, collect and analyze data and communicate their results.

Teaching of technology and library-use skills are incorporated where appropriate as part of the curriculum of the individual subject areas.

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* indicates a required course

*Explorations in Technology
one trimester
In this course, students journey into the world of digital creativity and over three units extend their knowledge through a range of captivating projects. In the Image Crafting unit, students do two projects. In the first project, they learn how to take and edit digital images on an iPad, creating a poster in Pages showcasing their work. In the second project, they draw and paint an analog image that is digitized and edited in Photoshop for the iPad. In the My Bucket List Book unit, students plan, write, and design a digital book online. In the Cinematic Creativity unit teams collaborate to design, film, and edit a PSA using Photo and iMovie.

Digital Literacy and Research Skills
one trimester
In this class, students develop high-level strategies to find and cite accurate information on the internet and they expand their skills as they develop a self-chosen research project integrating quality research techniques, technology skills, and independent project creation and management. In Unit 1, "Navigating the Web with Skill," students hone their internet search skills, using advanced search techniques, critically evaluating online sources, and sharpening their critical thinking skills. Unit 2, "Digital Literacy and Responsible Online Engagement," will equip students with the essential skills of sourcing and citation while emphasizing the importance of ethical online behavior, privacy, and security in the digital realm. Finally, in Unit 3, "Personalized Research and Digital Creation," students engage in independent research on self-chosen topics, creating and managing digital project creation. Through collaborative teamwork and constructive peer feedback, students elevate the quality of their work while fostering a culture of cooperative learning. By the course's end, participants emerge as digitally savvy researchers, creators, and responsible digital citizens.

All courses at this level approach writing as a process. As students progress through this process, they foster the development of grammatical and compositional skills in their writing. They are expected to think critically and express their thoughts in a logical manner in all forms of communication.

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* indicates a required course.

*Literature 6
2 trimesters
In 6th grade English, the process of writing is introduced with writing assignments that focus on an awareness of purpose, audience and writing in response to literature. Grammar study and usage are taught in conjunction with composition. Literature study emphasizes reading for learning while reinforcing reading skills. Literary terms including plot, setting, characterization, and conflict are introduced and reinforced throughout the year with novels that support a theme of “Around the World through Literature”.

Novels may include: Where the Red Fern Grows, Journey to Jo’Burg, The Cay, Homesick and Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl.

*Communication Arts 6
year-long
In 6th grade Communication Arts, the process of writing is introduced with writing assignments that focus on an awareness of purpose, audience, and writing in response to literature. Students learn to write in a variety of genres including narrative, creative, informational, instructional, and persuasive writing. Grammar study and usage are taught in conjunction with composition. Literature study emphasizes reading for learning while reinforcing reading skills. Literary terms and analysis skills are introduced and reinforced throughout the year with novels and mentor texts that support these skills.

*Communication Arts & Literature 7
year-long
In 7th grade Communication Arts & Literature, students refine their use of the writing process. Literature appreciation includes the study of writer’s techniques, character development, theme, conflict, and point of view. Students also practice their metacognition skills as they build self-awareness as a reader. They have opportunities to work on their speaking and listening skills throughout the year, including during one formal speech unit. The course culminates with research and using writing and speaking to make a difference in their community.

Reading includes: Inside Out & Back Again, “Gift of the Magi” by O. Henry, and self-selected novels of various genres.

*Communication Arts & Literature 8
year-long
In 8th grade Communication Arts & Literature, students continue to refine their vocabulary, grammar, and writing skills. Writing focuses on both expository and narrative writing. There is an increased focus on literary analysis and understanding elements of a fiction story in the first half of the year. In the second half of the year, nonfiction reading and writing is the focus.  Throughout the year, students have opportunities to work on their speaking and listening skills, including a project presentation and a motivational speech.

Reading includes: Short stories, The Outsiders, A Christmas Carol, and self-selected novels of various genres.

Arts courses seek to broaden each student’s appreciation and artistic skills as he or she participates in visual and performing arts. The department promotes personal confidence, self-worth and creative expression as it integrates faith and learning. Students are encouraged to view their efforts as pleasing to God and of service to others.

Elective art courses may require an additional fee for materials.

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* indicates a required course.

*Art 6
One trimester
This class is designed to give a broad artistic experience into many different art mediums and foundational art concepts. We will begin to explore and learn to appreciate the world of art through historical and contemporary artists and styles. While all of the Core Art Standards are embedded in the artistic process we will primarily focus on the Creating and Presenting Core Standards during this one-trimester art class.

Art 7
year-long
This class is designed for the students to experience a broad exploration into many different art mediums and go more in-depth into the foundational art concepts covered in the sixth grade art class. We will continue to explore and learn to appreciate the world of art through historical and contemporary artists and styles. We will maintain our focus on the Creating and Presenting Core Art Standards while also adding more intentional focus on Responding and Connecting as part of our artistic process.

Art 8
year-long
This class is designed for the students to continue experiencing a broad exploration into many different art mediums and going more in-depth into the foundational art concepts covered in the sixth and seventh grade art classes. We will continue to explore and learn to appreciate the world of art through historical and contemporary artists and styles. Students will begin to dive deeper into personal exploration with various artistic media and concepts, and they will also begin to explore more deeply into artists that they find to be personally inspiring. We will focus on all four of the Core Standards (Creating, Presenting, Responding, and Connecting) as we learn to make

Drama and Theatre 8
one trimester
Fundamentals of acting, oral interpretation, improvisation, and technical theatre are taught through theatre games, direct instruction, written tests, and performances. Students may perform in class, convocations and chapels within the Minnehaha community.

6th Grade Choristers
7th/8th Grade Harmonics
each level, year-long
Choir offers a comprehensive approach to musicianship, developing music reading skills and exploring basic elements of music (pitch, time, form, tone color, expression). Special attention is given to healthy vocal technique, and the needs of changing voices during middle school. Choirs are grouped to meet the specific needs of boys and girls as their voices mature. The choirs combine occasionally, to sing mixed-voice literature appropriate for this age group. Choirs perform two or three times each year on campus, and off-campus at least once during the year. Auditions are not required, but the ability to match pitch is helpful to a singer’s success in choir.

6th Grade Band
7th Grade Band
8th Grade Band
each level, year-long

Prerequisite: No prior instrumental music experience is required before joining any Band course, especially 6th Grade; however, each subsequent course of Band builds on skills, knowledge, and aesthetics rehearsed the year before.

Participants in the Middle School Band program perform, create, respond to music in an ensemble setting modeled after the American wind band. Young musicians will learn the fundamental techniques of their instrument and rudimentary elements of music literacy – reading, listening, composing, and performing. Instruction in these courses culminate in multiple public concert performance events throughout the academic year. 

6th Grade Strings
7th Grade Strings
8th Grade Strings
each level, year-long
Prerequisite: must be able to play an instrument.
Designed for students with some past string instrument instruction, this course gives students opportunity to develop listening skills, experience performance, explore a variety of musical styles and learn aspects of ensemble playing. Private lessons are encouraged but not required.

Chamber Orchestra
Prerequisite: must be able to play an instrument.
This group focuses on learning about mostly non-classical strings music in a fun and relaxed setting. Students learn about different styles of music including fiddle, country, jazz, folk and even movie and pop music. This group performs multiple times a year and meets once a week throughout the school year. Any strings instrumentalist in grades 6-8 is welcome. No audition required.

Co-curricular Groups

Middle School Jazz Band
Middle School Jazz Band focuses on aural music learning and instrumental Jazz traditions. Students learn style, theory, and technique from a variety of popular music traditions, as well as improvisation and creative arranging. This group is open to any middle school instrumentalist, meets before school twice per week, and performs several “gigs” throughout the school year.

Jazz Orchestra
This group focuses on learning about the Jazz in a non-traditional instrumentation setting. Students learn about jazz history, different styles of jazz music and theory, and improvisation. This group performs multiple times through the year, and meets twice a week throughout the school year. Any instrumentalist in grades 6-8 is welcome. Students playing rhythm section instruments may be asked to audition.

Private Music Lessons
Open to all students on an individual basis.
Special fee.

Show Choir
Show Choir is a special ensemble made up of our middle school students. It is open to all Middle School students. Participants do not have to be in choir classes during the academic day in order to participate in the Show Choir.  The Show Choir will perform songs specifically of the pop genre, including “Top 40,” show tunes, novelty and light jazz genres. Light choreography and/or staging is also added as part of the performances. Show choir rehearses before school, 1 to 2 days a  week, and performs at choir concerts.

Keyboard Studies
Keyboard lessons are offered to all students on an individual basis. Half-hour weekly piano lessons are adjusted to the individual student’s needs. Two piano practice rooms are available for lessons.
Special fee.

Bible courses are designed to teach the Word of God, by the enabling of the Holy Spirit, through the following: proclamation of the Gospel, instruction of Bible and religious studies, encouragement of personal spiritual decision and growth, and opportunities for service. Students are recognized as persons who are created by God and who are unique and valuable. All three grade levels require a specific number of community service hours. The community service experience is incorporated into the Bible class requirements.

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* indicates a required course.

*Bible 6 – Old Testament Survey
two trimesters
Sixth grade is an exciting time for learning about the Bible. Students have many questions to ask, so the course includes many opportunities to discuss what we’re reading in the Bible. The curriculum focuses on the Old Testament narrative story of God’s chosen people and their experiences with trusting in the one true God. Students interact with the Bible through character studies, presentations, questions, discussions, Biblical Times newspapers, posters, and research. Students are also asked to devote some time to prayer journaling and learning about different ways people pray. At the core of all these activities is the belief that the Bible is the Word of God.

*Bible 7 – The Life of Jesus
two trimesters
With the developing abilities of seventh grade students to think conceptually, the seventh grade Bible curriculum on the Life of Jesus opens up the analogies, similes and parables found in the Gospels. As students interact with these Gospel writings and images they begin to “unlock” the meaning of symbolic language. Students examine Jesus’ parables and begin to understand more fully the meaning behind the stories and images. Students are also encouraged to develop a daily Bible reading time. At the core of this study of the Gospels is the belief that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God.

*Bible 8 – The Book of Acts
two trimesters
The focus of this course is on the early Christian Church, exploring the Book of Acts and letters to the early Church. During eighth grade, students can often wrestle with making faith their own. “How can I know this is true?” and “How can I defend my faith with those who disagree with me?” These are the same kinds of questions the early Church faced. Students learn tools to help them study the Bible for the rest of their lives. To answer “Where does it say that in the Bible?” students learn how to use Bible dictionaries, concordances, Bible handbooks and atlases. Various Bible translations are compared. Students are also helped to continue developing a time of daily personal Bible reading. At the core of this class is the belief that Jesus is the Christ and how the early Church dealt with being entrusted with this knowledge. Students are also challenged with “How do we now live as the Church in the 21st century?”

The Social Studies department seeks to develop students who can identify and assume the privileges and responsibilities of United States and global citizenship. Students are given opportunities to develop study skills and refine communication skills in dealing with contemporary issues. Students are given the opportunity to effectively use technology as a learning tool and as a means to access content. Students improve their ability to work with historical material, as well as to evaluate history and global studies from a Christian perspective.

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Minnesota Studies 6
Through the study of Minnesota Historical Society texts and primary source documents, students discover first-hand how diverse cultures interacted to shape the state of Minnesota. During this course, we will examine Minnesota’s ancient people and American Indians, Euro-American settlement and immigration, industry and the growth of cities, and contemporary Minnesota. Minnesota’s history, geography, economy, and government will be examined as we study the development of Minnesota chronologically. Throughout the course students are also encouraged and challenged to develop and express an informed Christian worldview.

World Geography 7
In this class students will learn through readings, lectures, discussions, geospatial technologies, debates, simulations, and projects. Students will actively engage in the work of a geographer by asking geographic questions and then acquiring, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting geographic information in order to answer geographic questions. This course will use a regional approach to explore the six essential elements of Geography: Places and Regions, Physical Systems, Human Systems, Environments and Society, The Spatial World and Uses of Geography in Today’s Society. The content will incorporate a variety of scales-from local to global. Classroom materials will include adopted instructional materials and supplementary printed and electronic resources. Throughout the course students are encouraged and challenged to develop and express an informed Christian worldview.

American History 8
In 8th grade students will learn about the history of the United States from the Revolutionary War period through the present.The study of U.S. Government is also embedded in this US History course. This class is taught through readings, lectures, debates, and small group projects. Students have an additional opportunity to experience American History in Washington, D.C., on an optional June trip.

All languages are equally challenging, and study should begin early. Each language stresses the development of language proficiency and culture study. All language levels emphasize listening, reading comprehension, speaking and writing. Grammatical concepts, oral classroom participation and proficiency testing are included. Skits, culture days, visual presentations and music enhance the courses.

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* indicates a required course

*Introduction to Latin (Grade 6)
One trimester
This course will explore the rudiments of the Latin language as well as highlight various aspects of Roman culture. Students will also discover how Latin affects English through word derivation study.

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Grade 7 and 8 Language Options

The first year high school language courses are divided into a two-year study for 7th and 8th grade students. Successful completion of a IA language course in 7th grade allows a student to enroll in the IB course in the 8th grade. Students transferring from another school in 8th grade must pass a proficiency test to be enrolled in any IB language course. Successful completion of IA and IB language in Middle School allows a student to take the second year language course beginning in 9th grade.

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Beginning language programs introduce students to new vocabulary that they use in speaking, writing, reading and listening. Through small-group activities, skits, projects, daily in-class activities, and the study of the culture and geography of the country, students begin to develop an understanding of world language and culture.
Latin 1A
French 1A
Spanish 1A
each level, year-long

Latin 1B
French 1B
Spanish 1B
each level, year-long

The physical education curriculum provides students with opportunities to further develop their physical fitness level while enhancing skills in selected individual and team sports. Emphasis is given to social development, fair play, and participation. All classes are co-ed.

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* indicates a required course.

*Physical Education/Health 6
year-long
Activities include softball, track and field, recreational games, fitness assessment, scooter hockey, soccer, pickleball, tumbling, floor hockey, football, basketball, ultimate frisbee, dance, volleyball, and badminton. Health topics cover Christian perspectives on adolescent changes, cyber safety, and suicide prevention.

*Physical Education/Health 7
year-long
Physical education units include quadball, basketball, fitness assessment, pickleball, soccer, rhythms, floor hockey, volleyball, softball, track and field, football, recreational games, lacrosse, scooter hockey, and health fitness. Health topics include hygiene, nutrition, eating disorders, tobacco, alcohol, and pornography.

*Physical Education/Health 8
year-long
Physical education units include tennis, speedball, field hockey, softball, football, golf, team handball, pickleball, fitness assessment, ultimate frisbee, aerobics, volleyball, floor hockey, and basketball. Health topics include friendships, dating, and chemical awareness and abuse prevention.

Learning Labs provide structured support for students as they complete assignments and develop effective organization and study habits. Designed for students with diagnosed learning disabilities or identified academic needs, the course offers targeted assistance to help them strengthen executive functioning skills, manage workloads, and build confidence as learners.

The math department uses a variety of instructional strategies, including interactive instructor and student presentations, hands-on projects and labs, individual and group work, and video presentations. Technology, including graphing calculators, devices, and specific computer applications, is used throughout. Assessments are both formative and summative and take many forms, including traditional tests/quizzes, gateways/skills tests, presentations, deeper problem sets, and final semester exams. There are mechanisms for learning from mistakes, including test retakes and ongoing opportunities to demonstrate mastery. The department’s goal is to teach for understanding, mastery, and the ability to apply concepts to new situations.

A minimum of three years of mathematics is required in grades 9-12. Students are placed in the appropriate course based on prior coursework, grades, test scores, and teacher recommendations. Parents may request a waiver to place the student in a course other than that recommended or to limit the math requirement to two years. Please note the prerequisites.

The courses in the chart below are typically taken at those grade levels. There is allowance for flexibility and individual programming.

9th Grade
Algebra I, Geometry, Honors Geometry, Algebra II, Honors Algebra II, Honors Precalculus

10th Grade
Geometry, Honors Geometry, Algebra II, Honors Algebra II, Precalculus, Honors Precalculus, AP Calculus I (AB)

11-12 Grades
Algebra II, Honors Algebra II, Precalculus, Honors Precalculus, Statistics, Calculus I, AP Calculus I (AB), AP Calculus II (BC), AP Statistics, Multivariable Calculus plus Advanced Topics

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Algebra I
1 credit
Students build on their basic understanding of Pre-Algebra (variables, like terms, order of operations, and solving simple equations). Sufficient time is spent with Linear Functions: graphing lines, solving linear equations, and modeling using linear functions. Students learn to solve systems of equations and understand the real-life meanings of algebra. Students also learn function notation and are introduced to Quadratic and Exponential Functions. The purpose of the course is to use Algebra to solve real-life problems accurately, thoroughly, and carefully with understanding.

Algebra II
1 credit
Prerequisite: Algebra I
Students will build on their understanding of Algebra as they continue studying function notation, linear functions, quadratic functions, and exponential functions. Students will spend significant time solving and graphing quadratic equations and solving real-world problems. In addition, students will study and compare loans and retirement plans by analyzing financial terms. The purpose of the course is to use algebra to solve real-life problems accurately, thoroughly, and carefully with understanding.

Extended Algebra II
2 credits
Prerequisite: Algebra I and teacher recommendation
This two-year course is designed to explore Algebra II at a relaxed pace. Students will deepen their understanding of foundational topics, preparing them for a thorough examination of functions. Students will also hone their problem-solving skills as they engage with new ideas and challenges. Topics include variables and equations; linear equations; properties of functions; function transformations; quadratics; exponents; financial literacy; and loans.

Honors Algebra II
1 credit
Prerequisite: Algebra I and teacher recommendation
This course covers basic concepts of algebra, inequalities, linear equations, products and factors of polynomials, rational expressions, irrational and complex numbers, quadratic equations and functions, variations and polynomial equations, analytic geometry, exponential and logarithmic functions, conic sections, sequences and series, triangle and circular trigonometry, trigonometric graphs and inverses, and trigonometric applications.

Geometry
1 credit
The course begins by introducing the basic building blocks of Geometry, such as points, line segments, and lines. The course then studies both two- and three-dimensional figures. Comparisons are made between these figures, including congruence, surface area, and volume. Inductive and deductive reasoning skills are emphasized, and real-world application is stressed. Algebra I skills are reinforced throughout the course.

Honors Geometry
1 credit
Prerequisite: Algebra I and teacher recommendation
Topics include the nature of deductive reasoning; planning and writing proofs; lines, planes, angles, polygons, congruence, parallels, similarity, circles, solids; coordinate geometry; vectors; and trigonometry. Students develop spatial visualization and learn coordinate geometry techniques, recognizing how algebra and geometry complement each other. They learn to appreciate the roles of inductive and deductive reasoning in both mathematical and nonmathematical situations, as well as the need for clear, precise language. A drop-in unit will cover probability.

Pre-Calculus
1 credit
Prerequisite: Algebra II or Honors Algebra II and teacher recommendation
Pre-Calculus is the study of functions that model change. Students learn the language and notation of functions (input/output, domain/range, and slope/concavity) to describe functions that represent real-world data. Students use linear, quadratic, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions to model data. They also study the Unit Circle, trigonometric identities, and polynomials. The purpose of the course is to use functions to model data. Data is presented through tables, graphs, words, and equations.

Honors Pre-Calculus
1 credit
Prerequisite: Honors Algebra II and teacher recommendation
This course is designed to follow Honors Algebra II. Although the topic list is similar to the Pre-Calculus course, less time will be spent reviewing Honors Algebra II topics, and more time will be spent extending those covered more briefly in Pre-Calculus. Some initial calculus topics, including limits, will be covered.

Statistics
1 credit
Prerequisite: Algebra II
This course will focus on statistical analysis with an emphasis on exploring patterns, sampling and experimentation, anticipating patterns, and statistical inference. Counting methods and probability will also be a significant part of this course.

Calculus
1 credit
Prerequisite: Pre-Calculus or Honors Algebra II and teacher recommendation
This course is identical to AP Calculus AB. The difference lies in the pace and depth of the course's individual topics. The AP class covers the material in a shorter time to facilitate review and preparation for the AP exam in early May. This non-AP class will end with a comprehensive exam at the end of the school year. A student in this class will not be prepared to take the AP exam.

AP Calculus AB
1 credit
Prerequisite: Application, Honors Pre-Calculus, and teacher recommendation
Students will attend one required zero hour each week in addition to the regularly scheduled hour. This course covers differential and integral calculus, including functions, limits, derivatives, and integrals of algebraic and transcendental functions, as well as methods of integration. Practical applications are explored through daily assignments and projects.

AP Calculus BC
1 credit
Prerequisite: Application, AP Calculus AB and teacher recommendation
This course prepares students to take the BC portion of the AP Calculus exam and covers vector functions and their derivatives; parametric equations and graphs and their derivatives; advanced integration techniques; improper integrals; sequences and series and their convergence; MacLaurin and Taylor series; and other selected topics.

AP Statistics
1 credit
Prerequisite: Application and Honors Algebra II and/or Statistics
The AP Statistics course is designed to introduce students to the essential concepts and tools necessary for collecting, analyzing, and drawing meaningful conclusions from data. Rather than focusing solely on rote computation, the curriculum is built around four primary conceptual themes that provide a robust foundation in quantitative literacy. One theme is Exploring Data, where students learn to describe patterns and identify significant departures from those patterns. Another theme is Sampling and Experimentation, which focuses on the rigorous planning and execution of statistical studies to ensure data integrity. To understand the "why" behind the numbers, students use probability and simulation to model random phenomena in Anticipating Patterns. The fourth theme is Statistical Inference, which empowers students to estimate population parameters and conduct formal hypothesis tests to make informed, data-driven decisions.

Multivariable Calculus & Advanced Topics
1 credit
Prerequisite: AP Calculus BC and teacher recommendation
This course covers vector and multivariable calculus. Topics include vectors and matrices, parametric curves, partial derivatives, double and triple integrals, and vector calculus in 2- and 3-space. The advanced topics include introductions to differential equations and linear algebra. This is a hybrid class, with content delivered via MIT OpenCourseWare videos, a physical textbook (Stewart), and other online materials and videos. Students meet for problem-solving sessions.

Students in science classes are exposed to a variety of instructional strategies throughout the school year to develop their scientific thinking skills and build confidence in performing and evaluating scientific work. Students in every science class are engaged in inquiry through student-designed, hands-on lab activities that supplement course content. Students learn the significance of scientific modeling and design using mathematical, computational, visual, and virtual models. They participate in problem- and project-based learning, applying their skills in real-world settings. Community collaboration is achieved in the classroom through small-group activities and peer instruction, and outside the classroom through connections with local research scientists. These instructional strategies emphasize the overarching science practices that capture key aspects of scientists' work.

Typical assessments used by science teachers evaluate students’ knowledge and skills across a range of science practices. The College Board has defined seven science practices as follows: using representations and models to communicate scientific phenomena and solve scientific problems; using mathematics appropriately; engaging in scientific questioning; planning and implementing data collection strategies; performing data analysis and evaluating evidence; working with scientific explanations and theories; and connecting knowledge across various scales, concepts, and content areas. Therefore, students in science classes are evaluated in their mastery of these science practices. They are evaluated on their daily progress using teacher-designed formative assessments, enabling teachers to redirect instruction and address scientific misconceptions. Students also demonstrate their progress through performance on summative assessments such as traditional quizzes, tests, and papers. Scientific communication skills are evaluated through cumulative lab notebooks and formal or informal lab reports. These assignments are assessed against criteria including skill in experimental design, scientific observation, organization, math, graphing, data analysis, and literature research. Further communication skills are evaluated through scientific posters and oral presentations of student-designed investigations.

Science teaches the basic principles of our physical and biological world and their influence on and application to our everyday lives. The core courses in physics, chemistry, and biology provide a foundation in scientific knowledge, emphasizing the scientific method and experimental design. These courses are supplemented with a variety of electives to fulfill college entrance requirements. Lab performance, projects, and collaborative group work are significant factors in student evaluation in science courses that incorporate 21st-century skills in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM).

Students must complete an application to be accepted into an advanced science class. The application procedure requires parental input, an essay describing the student’s motivation for taking the course, and an evaluation by members of the Science Department of the student’s ability to succeed. The department evaluation focuses on the student’s prior performance in science and math, class behavior, attitude, work ethic, and aptitude.

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Three years of laboratory science are required for graduation: Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. Advanced levels of Chemistry and Biology are also offered. 

Physics
1 credit
This class teaches students to understand our planet, solar system, and the universe through the lens of physics. By observing patterns in the created world, students can make fairly accurate predictions about outcomes across different scenarios (given the appropriate variables). The topics of study include waves, circuits, and 1-dimensional kinematics, Newton’s Laws, Conservation Laws (momentum and energy), and a capstone project in modern physics in the spring. There is an emphasis on discovering these topics through hands-on lab activities.

Chemistry
1 credit
Chemistry is the study of matter and its changes. Topics in this hands-on, laboratory-focused course include properties of matter, chemical bonding, atomic composition, gas laws, kinetic theory, chemical reactions and stoichiometry, acids and bases, and solution chemistry. Through the study of chemistry, students develop higher-order thinking skills by using STEM methods to solve problems, design experiments, model chemical concepts, and apply their knowledge to everyday experiences.

AP Chemistry
1 credit
Prerequisite: Application
The AP Chemistry course provides students with a college-level foundation to support future advanced coursework in chemistry. Students deepen their understanding of chemistry through inquiry-based investigations, exploring topics including atomic and molecular structure, intermolecular forces and bonding, chemical reactions, kinetics, thermodynamics, and equilibrium. The AP Chemistry course is designed to be equivalent to the general chemistry course typically taken in the first year of college. A summer assignment is required.

Biology
1 credit
In this course, students explore modern biology using STEM tools of scientific inquiry, including experimental design, data collection and analysis, computer simulation, and model-building. Students develop an understanding of the diversity of life and interrelationships between organisms. Course topics include cell biology and biochemistry, heredity and molecular genetics, botany, invertebrate and vertebrate animals, the human role in our ecological world, and the origins of life. Student-directed laboratory experiments foster creativity and intellectual curiosity. Through communication and collaboration, students become aware of the global impact of modern biological research.

AP Biology
1 credit
Prerequisite: Application
AP Biology is an introductory college-level biology course. Students will develop a conceptual framework for modern biology and cultivate their understanding through inquiry-based investigations. They will explore evolution, cellular processes, energy transfer, genetics, information transfer, ecology, and interactions. Students will have the opportunity to apply biological knowledge and critical thinking to environmental and social concerns. Students develop tools to be collegiate and lifelong learners and are encouraged to use higher-order thinking skills as they engage in authentic scientific research, and ask questions, make observations and predictions, design experiments, test hypotheses, analyze data, and construct arguments in a collaborative setting. A summer assignment is required.

DE Human Anatomy & Physiology
1 credit
Grade 12
Prerequisite: Application, grades of B or higher each semester of Biology AND Chemistry; minimum 3.0 GPA
Human Anatomy and Physiology is offered as a part of the College in the Schools (CIS) program at the University of Minnesota. This yearlong course investigates the main organ systems of the human body, exploring relationships between anatomical structure and physiological function. Students conduct physiology labs using STEM-based probeware, dissect organs, use interactive anatomical tools and models, take weekly cooperative quizzes, and complete an extensive cat dissection in the spring. Course goals include developing an appreciation for the human body’s design and function, prioritizing healthy choices in daily living, and supporting the healing and restoration of diseased or injured tissues.
Note: An additional $145 fee is required. Students earn 4 University of Minnesota credits.

Environmental Science
0.5 credit
Grade 12
Prerequisite: Chemistry and Biology
This course provides an overview of the Earth’s biosphere, ecosystem interactions, climate change, and environmental concerns. It helps develop an understanding of the scientific concepts governing ecosystems and applies these concepts in the laboratory or in field studies. Current environmental issues are examined, including water scarcity and pollution, global atmospheric changes, biodiversity loss, and soil degradation. These issues will be studied within the context of sustainability, stewardship, and sound science.

AP Physics C: Mechanics
1 credit
Grades: 11, 12
Prerequisite: Application, AP Calculus AB (or concurrently enrolled)
This course allows students to earn college credit in introductory physics. This course is calculus-based, so students must have completed a year of calculus or be enrolled in calculus concurrently. A weekly laboratory experience is required.

Introduction to Engineering
0.5 credit
Grades: 10, 11, 12
In this spring semester course, students will be introduced to the engineering design process and encouraged to apply higher-order thinking skills while constructing knowledge in a collaborative setting. The class includes units on mechanical engineering and manufacturing, civil engineering, electrical engineering, material science, and bioengineering. Students will engage in the design process through various engineering design challenges, documenting their work in an engineering design notebook. The semester concludes with a final project in which students design and build a prototype to solve a real-world problem, applying engineering principles and technology tools.

Applied Research in Engineering – International Space Station (ISS)
0.5 credit
Grades: 11, 12
Prerequisite: Application, Intro to Engineering
Applied Research in Engineering – ISS is a semester-long science elective offered in the fall that accepts a limited number of highly motivated science students. The primary goal of this course is to design, build, test, and send an experiment to ultimately be launched to the International Space Station in the spring. Students taking this course strengthen their engineering skills, including programming microcontrollers, soldering components, designing and testing mechanical and electrical components, and scheduling project tasks. This course deliberately combines the mentorship, teamwork, project timelines, and incentives found in industry settings with academic coursework and accountability. Students will experience the challenges, excitement, and extraordinary privilege of learning from highly talented industry mentors—while having a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to send their own experiment to the International Space Station. This is a project-based course; therefore, most of a student’s grade is based on individual and team performance appraisals.

Independent Scientific Research
0.5 credit
Grades: 11, 12
This course is for students who have completed two or three years of science, including core courses in physics, chemistry, and biology. Students will develop a conceptual framework for modern scientific research and deepen their understanding through inquiry-based investigations and a review of classic scientific papers. The class offers students an authentic scientific research opportunity through a semester-long project plan and participation in the Twin Cities Regional Science Fair during the spring semester. Student-designed projects can involve experimental design and empirical research, or engineering design and a building component.

AP Computer Science Principles
1 credit
Grades: 9, 10, 11, 12
AP Computer Science Principles (AP CSP) is an introductory year-long AP course that introduces students to foundational concepts of computer science and offers opportunities to explore the personal and global impacts of computing and technology. This course is designed to provide all students with a rigorous, engaging, and approachable introduction to computer science applicable across many disciplines. Topics covered in this course include digital information, data, the internet, algorithms and logic, cybersecurity, app development and design, ethics, and global impact of computing, and JavaScript programming. No coding experience is expected when a student enrolls in this course.

AP Computer Science A
1 credit
Grades: 10, 11, 12
Prerequisites: Application, AP Computer Science Principles
AP Computer Science A is a year-long course designed for students who have a strong interest in computer science, who want to learn the principles of programming, and who wish to prepare for the Advanced Placement Exam in Computer Science. Algorithmic thinking, primitive data types, dynamic allocation of memory, linear data structures, and comparisons between searching and sorting algorithms are included. The Java programming language will be used.

Graphic Design
See courses listed under Fine Arts

English courses develop reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills by having students read and respond to high-quality literature in all its forms. Students are expected to write in both creative and expository formats, applying grammatical and composition guidelines to their speech and writing as they prepare for the academic rigor of college.

Selection Process for Honors English 10 or AP English Language and Composition

Students are recommended for Honors or AP English classes by their current English teacher. Students will be accepted into Honors English 10 or AP English Language and Composition based on the following four criteria: their English grades, the quality of their coursework writing, and their participation and engagement during class time. Any English 12 students interested in taking the AP English Literature and Composition exam in the spring may do so.

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English 9
1 credit
This course prepares students for upper-level language and literature study and encourages a lifelong love of learning and reading. Students develop their skills in reading, writing, vocabulary, speaking, listening, and critical thinking. Major texts include classic and contemporary novels, studies of graphic novels, a Shakespeare play, and 20th- and 21st-century American short stories. The course also fosters reading habits with independent-choice texts throughout the year. In addition, the class lays the foundation for a strong understanding of the traditional essay structure and provides opportunities for creative writing. Major assessments include formal literary analysis essays, original poetry, and collaborative debates.

English 10
1 credit
Over the course of the year, students will practice their reading, writing, speaking, listening, and critical thinking skills through the study of fiction, nonfiction, and poetry, including both time-honored and contemporary works. Examples of these works include The Odyssey (excerpts), Peace Like a River by Leif Enger, Shakespeare’s Macbeth, and American Born Chinese by Gene Luen Yang. In addition, the class will study poetry, short stories, essays, and short films spanning various time periods and styles. To reinforce and expand their writing skills, students will write in diverse forms, including a full-length literary analysis essay, memoir, in-class essays, multimedia presentations, and original poetry. Writing assessments will be guided by the six writing traits, and studies will include reviews of vocabulary and usage, and punctuation rules.

Honors English 10
1 credit
Prerequisite: Application
Centered on the theme that “all stories matter,” this class incorporates challenging and diverse works of literature, including short stories, poetry, a Shakespeare play, an international novel, a local novel, other varied fiction and non-fiction mentor texts. The course also nurtures reading habits with independent-choice texts throughout the year. Instruction combines academic vocabulary, activities, and skills recommended by the College Board. Students develop their critical reading and analytical writing skills, with a focus on diction, syntax, tone, and detail. Other assignments include formal and informal responses to literature, visual analysis, a research project, literary essays, creative writing assignments, and journalistic reviews. Summer reading and writing required.

English 11
1 credit
In this survey of American literature, composition assignments are integrated with the study of key works, including The Scarlet Letter, The Great Gatsby, and memoirs. Supplementary readings include nonfiction essays, short stories by American authors, American poets from the 18th century to the present, and at least one modern play, such as The Crucible. Students will gain an understanding of literary forms, dominant philosophies, and the historical background of eras in American literature. Writing instruction focuses on the expository essay, narrative, comparison/contrast, literary analysis, and descriptive essays. Students will prepare for the college application process through grammar study and application and writing a college application essay.

AP English Language & Composition
1 credit
Prerequisite: Application
This college-level writing course offers juniors the opportunity to read and carefully analyze a broad and challenging range of American fiction and nonfiction prose selections, deepening their awareness of rhetoric, the function of language, and the author’s craft. Course readings feature expository, analytical, personal, and argumentative nonfiction from a variety of authors and historical contexts. Major texts for the course include Frederick Douglass’ autobiography, Tara Westover’s memoir, Educated, Cormac McCarthy’s novel, The Road, and Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible. In the second semester, students use Miller’s play as an exigence for a larger argumentative research essay. In this term essay, students analyze a contemporary group of people who are ostracized, marginalized, stigmatized, etc., and develop strategies to support them. The course focuses on preparing for the AP Language and Composition Exam in May. Students participate in multiple timed writing exercises and peer-review opportunities to develop and prepare for this test.

English 12
1 credit
Students in English 12 study a variety of literary works and are encouraged to think deeply and critically. Major texts include but are not limited to Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, Yann Martel’s Life of Pi, C.S. Lewis’s Till We Have Faces, and Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Basic and finer points of literary analysis are developed and demonstrated in formal papers, in-class essays, and a literary research paper. Ultimately, students will emerge with the ability to write thoroughly supported interpretations and analyses.

AP English Literature & Composition
1 credit
AP Literature and Composition is a college preparatory course devoted to cultivating and enhancing the critical reading and articulate writing of every student. With a special focus on the aesthetic and philosophical aspects of British literature, this course requires students to write extensively across a variety of contexts. These writings include Major Works Data Sheets, short in-class writings, a literary research paper, and timed in-class essay exams based on previous AP exam prompts. Ultimately, students will emerge with the ability to write thoroughly supported interpretations and analyses. Major texts include but are not limited to Beowulf, John Gardner’s Grendel, Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, and Shakespeare’s Hamlet.

Beginning Journalism
1 credit
Grades: 9, 10, 11, 12
This year-long course introduces students to journalism from both practical and theoretical perspectives. Students will learn the basics of reporting, news and feature writing, editing, photography, and design for both print and online media. They will develop a more sophisticated understanding of the modern news media and build skills in research, organization, time management, decision-making, critical thinking, and problem-solving. The course includes training in digital cameras, desktop publishing software (Adobe Photoshop, InDesign, and Bridge), and website content creation (WordPress). Successful students will be capable writers and curious individuals eager to do their best work, with their work published in the school’s newspaper, yearbook, and website.

Advanced Journalism: Newspaper/Digital
1 credit
Grades: 10, 11, 12
Prerequisite: Teacher approval.
Students lead and produce The Talon, the upper-school newspaper, and the Redhawsonline website. They also learn to engage and inform audiences through podcasts, social media, and multimedia storytelling. They must be self-starters who can meet deadlines and work well independently and in teams. With advanced practice in writing, editing, photography, and design – as well as leadership, planning, and project management – students refine their communications skills, develop software fluency, and gain real-world experience with many practical applications beyond high school. Successful completion of Beginning Journalism is typically required; rare exceptions may be made for students who are especially proficient in marketing, photography, or graphic design. This course may be taken over more than one year. Completion of one year of Advanced Journalism satisfies the fine-arts credit requirement.

Advanced Journalism: Yearbook
1 credit
Grades: 10, 11, 12
Prerequisite: Teacher approval.
Students lead and produce The Antler, the upper-school yearbook, capturing student experiences and the school's history. They must be self-starters who can meet deadlines and work well independently and in teams. With advanced practice in writing, editing, photography, and design – as well as leadership, planning, and project management – students refine their communications skills, develop software skills, and gain real-world experience with many practical applications beyond high school. Successful completion of Beginning Journalism is typically required; rare exceptions may be made for students who are especially proficient in marketing, photography, or graphic design. This course may be taken over more than one year. Completion of one year of Advanced Journalism satisfies the fine-arts credit requirement.

Speech Communication
0.5 credit
Grades: 9, 10, 11, 12
This course develops students’ ability to communicate messages that matter with confidence and effectiveness. Students will deliver a diverse set of speeches, refining their communication skills for a variety of settings and audiences. In addition, the course will engage students in the speech composition process, deepening their skills in topic selection, research, organization, writing, and revision. Finally, the course will encourage ongoing discussion on how to craft and communicate messages that improve the world by addressing universal moral themes.

Fundamentals of Art
0.5 credit
Grades: 9, 10, 11, 12
Students will learn a variety of artistic techniques and gain experience in various art mediums through exploring the elements of art and design, including line, color, shape, space, form, texture, and value. Students will learn art fundamentals through assignments in drawing, painting, printmaking, sculpture, and ceramics. Students also explore art history and the context of visual ideas.

Drawing
0.5 credit
Grades: 10, 11, 12
Prerequisite: Fundamentals of Art
Students will explore the wide range of artistic possibilities in drawing and create works in pencil, charcoal, ink, and pastel. The course will include units in line drawing, portraiture/figure drawing, still life, abstract, and perspective technical drawing. Students will keep a regular sketchbook.

Ceramics
0.5 credit
Grades: 10, 11, 12
Prerequisite: Fundamentals of Art
This challenging course will introduce students to a wide range of techniques for creating functional pottery. Students will use the pottery wheel to create bowls, plates, and mugs, and to build large-scale hand-built pots. They will also work with glazes and firing techniques to develop colored finishes.

Painting
0.5 credit
Grades: 9, 10, 11, 12
Prerequisite: Fundamentals of Art
Students in Painting class will learn how to control color and advance their skills across a wide range of mediums and techniques. Assignments in the course are designed to teach the importance of good composition and the use of the elements and principles of art and design. Students will make paintings using watercolor, acrylic, and oil paint. They will also get to stretch their own canvases and study famous paintings in art history.

Sculpture
0.5 credit
Grades: 9, 10, 11, 12
Prerequisite: Fundamentals of Art
This class will explore 3D art. Students will learn about sculpture through a range of assignments, including clay figure sculptures and portrait heads, assemblages of sculptures from found objects, and carvings in wood and stone. Other materials used in sculpting throughout the semester are cardboard, wax, wire, and sheet metal. This class promises to be challenging and fun.

AP Studio Art (Drawing, 2D Design, or 3D emphasis)
1 credit
Grades: 11, 12
Prerequisites: Fundamentals of Art and at least 2 medium courses. Application and teacher approval
This class closely mirrors a college-level art course. Students develop their own unique ideas and express them in a series of artistic works. These works meet the College Board's portfolio requirements and are submitted for judging at the end of the year. Students choose the media and subject matter themselves, work one-on-one with the instructor, and receive weekly class critiques. This class is especially recommended for students interested in pursuing an art-related career or college program.

Digital Photography
0.5 credit
Grades: 9, 10, 11, 12
Digital Photography will provide an overview of photo composition and photo editing. Projects will feature a mix of artistic and journalistic subjects, including candid and posed portraits, nature, sports action, and photo essays. Other topics include: using Photoshop and Lightroom software; working with natural and artificial light; experimenting with aperture, shutter speed, and manual DSLR settings; using different lenses; cropping images; choosing and evaluating compact and digital DSLR cameras; creating portfolio websites and displaying work in online portfolios; creating online slideshows; and finding resources for independent learning. Student work may be published in the school newspaper, yearbook, and on the school's online media website.

Advanced Digital Photography
Prerequisite: Digital Photography
Designed for students who have mastered the fundamentals of composition and manual camera settings, Advanced Digital Photography focuses on developing a unique artistic voice. Students will move beyond basic exposure to explore complex concepts in visual storytelling and professional technical proficiency. Coursework centers on independent inquiries and sustained projects in genres such as studio portraiture, commercial product photography, and conceptual fine art. Students will refine their post-production skills through advanced techniques in Photoshop and Lightroom, including advanced retouching, complex masking, and digital compositing. The curriculum emphasizes visual literacy through rigorous peer critiques that require students to analyze and defend their creative choices. Students will learn to curate their own work and develop an artist statement that articulates their creative intent. Exceptional student work will be showcased in a final gallery-style exhibition and advanced school publications.

Exploration of Theatre/Acting
0.5 credit
Grades: 9, 10, 11, 12
One thing students can be certain of when enrolling in this class: they will rarely sit at a desk! Daily exercises challenge the imagination and lead students to understand the cornerstones of performance. Participants will learn to study a text, identify subtext, create authentic characters, play action rather than emotion, and recognize their capacity to portray a range of character types and styles. Additionally, a comprehensive study of the theatre world will demonstrate how the past shapes the present. Students will be assessed on their performance, class participation, and mastery of class material. 
Note: This course may be taken more than one semester.

Beginning Filmmaking
0.5 credit
Grades: 9, 10, 11, 12
A hands-on class where students explore and experiment with how to tell (direct) stories visually. Students will learn the basics of making short films: grammatical visual language, shooting plans, screenwriting, directing, and editing. In addition, students will gain an understanding of film history and the evolution of the moving image. Students will shoot their short films on digital video cameras and edit them on iMovie and Final Cut. During the course of the semester, students will complete (write, shoot, direct, and edit) their own music video, a commercial (30 or 60 seconds), and a third assignment to be determined by the instructor.

Advanced Filmmaking
0.5 credit
Grades: 10, 11, 12
Prerequisite: Beginning Filmmaking
This intensive course is designed for dedicated students who have mastered the fundamentals of production and want to elevate their craft to a competitive level. Building upon the foundations established in Beginning Filmmaking, students will engage in a rigorous cycle of pre-production, filming, editing, and revision. The curriculum focuses on advanced narrative techniques, requiring students to analyze how specific genres impact audience perception and directorial choices. Throughout the semester, students will write, direct, and edit three original short films. Special emphasis is placed on the professional revision process, with peer and instructor feedback integrated at every stage of production. As a capstone requirement, students must identify and submit their final project to a recognized local or national film festival/contest.

Graphic Design
0.5 credit
Grades: 9, 10, 11, 12
Prerequisite: Fundamentals of Art.
Students will need access to a digital camera with a removable media card. The school cannot provide digital cameras. Graphic design is essentially about problem-solving. The core of this course is the skillful integration of images and text through computer-aided page design to communicate a given message. Through demonstrations, guided practice, and projects, students learn to use the Mac-based software programs Adobe Photoshop and InDesign. Students study basic design concepts, including typography, layout, space, color, and form, and apply these to the creation of informative and persuasive materials. Students take their own photographs, which are then used in projects that require images. Specific assignments include creating posters, CD covers, brochures, and magazine layouts.

Advanced Graphic Design
0.5 credit
Grades: 10, 11, 12
Prerequisite: Fundamentals of Art and Beginning Graphic Design
The course builds on Beginning Graphic Design, expanding to larger, more complex projects. Students learn the business and marketing side of design and create digital art and designs using Adobe Photoshop and InDesign. A final project involves creating an original brand and all elements of its visual identity.

Cantabile (Soprano/Alto choir)
1 credit
Grades: 9, 10, 11, 12
This course is designed for all soprano and alto singers in 9th grade or any upperclass student without prior choral singing experience. It is an introduction to music literacy, vocal technique, and the choral art. Special focus is placed on the needs of the developing adolescent voice with repertoire and methods specific to the treble instrument. The choir sings for chapel services and may participate in appropriate festivals in the metro area. The choir performs music from all eras, both a cappella and accompanied. Students may repeat this class as often as they wish. Grading criteria include concert performances, daily theory work, vocal skill assessments, and individual lessons with the instructor.

Spirito (Tenor/Bass choir)
1 credit
Grades: 9, 10, 11, 12
This course is designed for 9th-grade tenor and bass singers and for any upperclass student without prior choral singing experience. It is an introduction to music literacy, vocal technique, and the choral art. Special focus is placed on the needs of the developing adolescent voice with repertoire and methods specific to changing and changed voices. The choir sings for chapel services and may participate in appropriate festivals in the metro area. The choir performs music from all eras, both a cappella and accompanied. Students may repeat this class as often as they wish. Grading criteria include concert performances, daily theory work, vocal skill assessments, and individual lessons with the instructor.

Singers
1 credit
Grades: 10, 11, 12
Prerequisite: Cantabile or Spirito, and audition. (Exceptions may be made for students with at least one year of high school instrumental music or significant choral experience outside of MA.)
This select choir develops the skills of music literacy, vocal technique, and artistic interpretation. They perform their music at four major concerts each year, and every third year, choir members have the opportunity to tour. The Singers sing for chapel services and occasionally participate in festivals and church services throughout the metro. The choir performs music from all eras, both a cappella and accompanied. Membership is granted through an audition process in the spring, where students must demonstrate a good sense of pitch, a basic knowledge of music theory and the ability to read music and carry a vocal part. Grading criteria include concert performances, daily theory work, vocal skill assessments, and individual lessons with the instructor.

Concert Band
1 credit
Grade 9
Prerequisite: Open to all students who have played a band instrument through middle school.
Students in this course will study the fundamentals of good technique and musicianship by performing a wide variety of high-quality band literature across various styles. Each student receives 12 individual lessons per year, tailored to their musical development, and participates in band rehearsals. Students have many performance opportunities beyond formal concerts, including the pep band and chapel services. Students will also gain a basic understanding of music theory and music history relating to the pieces they perform.

Symphonic Wind Ensemble
1 credit
Grades: 10, 11, 12
Prerequisite: Concert Band and/or audition
Students in the Symphonic Wind Ensemble engage in advanced music-making by performing challenging repertoire, developing skills in advanced techniques, and exploring concepts in music theory. Work in this class emphasizes placing music in historic, cultural, and stylistic context. In addition to large-group rehearsals, each student personalizes their instruction by taking 12 individual lessons per year, tailored to their abilities and needs. Performance is a key aspect of this course; all students participate in Pep Band, formal Concerts and school chapel services. Wind Ensemble students are invited to participate in a concert/study trip every other year.

Orchestra
1 credit
Grades: 9, 10, 11, 12
Orchestra is open to all Upper School string players. Members of this ensemble perform a variety of orchestral works spanning different genres and cultural influences. In addition to string orchestra repertoire, students engage with symphonic works when they are joined by members of our band’s woodwind, brass, and percussion sections. Class instruction focuses on developing string-playing techniques and exploring concepts in music theory and history. In addition to classroom rehearsals, each student personalizes their instruction by taking 12 individual lessons per year, tailored to their abilities and needs. Performance is a key aspect of this course; all students participate in formal concerts scheduled throughout the school year. All Orchestra students are invited to participate in a concert/study trip every other year.

Drumming Exploration
0.5 credit
Grades: 9, 10, 11, 12
Drumming Exploration offers a comprehensive survey of global percussion, ranging from West African drum circles and Brazilian Samba to Afro-Cuban, Arab, and Asian styles. In addition to world traditions, students develop foundational skills in Western percussion, drumline, and drumset. The curriculum integrates modern technology through electronic beat sequencing and drum loops, while diving into the cultural and historical contexts of rhythm. By sharing and analyzing personal music selections, students will connect fundamental musical elements to a diverse array of contemporary and traditional styles.

Symphony Orchestra
non-credit
The Symphony Orchestra combines the string orchestra with members of the band's woodwind, brass, and percussion sections to create an ensemble that embraces the full symphony orchestra's colors and sounds.  This group rehearses during Clubs and Activities periods and performs in concerts throughout the school year.

Chamber Orchestra
non-credit
Chamber Orchestra meets before school once a week and offers students the opportunity to perform advanced repertoire in a small ensemble setting. This group engages with a diverse repertoire and develops skills in musical leadership and artistic decision-making. The Chamber Orchestra performs at several special events throughout the school year, serving as ambassadors for our school.

Chamber Singers 
non-credit
Open to Singers members
Prerequisite: Audition
This 18-voice elite group of singers is selected from the current Singers class through an audition. Auditions are held each Spring for the following school year. Rehearsals are held during zero hour twice a week before school. The Chamber Singers are the featured performers in the Revue that occurs every other year in February. This ensemble features the highest caliber vocalists in the choral program and act as ambassadors for the school, appearing in school events like assemblies, chapels, open houses, sporting events, and special awards ceremonies. The ensemble's small size enables it to specialize in chamber music of all styles, including vocal jazz, early music, contemporary, and pop repertoire.

Jazz Band
non-credit
Open to 9, 10, 11, 12
Jazz Band is a co-curricular course open to all students enrolled in the band program and to those who play guitar, piano, or bass. Jazz Band meets twice per week during zero hour and focuses on learning to play various styles, including swing, blues, funk, rock, bebop, and Latin. Students also deepen their knowledge of music theory and apply it through improvisation and performance. The Jazz Band performs at concerts and special events throughout the school year.

Jazz Combo
non-credit
Open to 9, 10, 11, 12
Jazz Combo is a small ensemble open to all students skilled on jazz instruments, including saxophone, trumpet, trombone, guitar, piano, bass, or drums. Jazz Combo meets two times per week, once during zero hour and once during clubs and activities. Students spend considerable time working on improvisation and learning jazz standards. In addition to performing at band concerts, the Jazz Combo has several additional gigs providing music at special events throughout the school year.

Pep Band
non-credit
Pep Band is required of all members of the Concert Band and Symphonic Wind Ensemble. The Pep Band performs at selected home soccer, volleyball, and basketball games during the fall and winter sports seasons and serves as a vital way that band members serve and support our school community.

Private Music Lessons (offered as available)
non-credit
Open to all students on an individual basis. Special fee.
These lessons may be taken during the school day or before/after school and are a valuable enrichment opportunity for students. The focus is on technique, poise in performance, and the development of musicianship.

Sacred Studies courses are designed to teach the Word of God by the enabling of the Holy Spirit through the proclamation of the Gospel, instruction in Biblical and religious studies, encouragement of personal spiritual decisions and growth, and direction for life application. Students are recognized as unique and valuable persons created by God.

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Old Testament Studies
0.5 credit
Grade: 9
In this course, students read and discuss the major books and bodies of literature in the Old Testament: Torah, History, Wisdom writings, and the Prophets. As they learn more about the context and history of the Ancient Near East, students engage in inductive study, raising questions as they read and encounter the text, and what the living word of God has to say to them and to us today.

New Testament Studies
0.5 credit
Grade: 10
In this course, students read and discuss selected New Testament books: the Gospels, Acts, and Paul’s letters. As students read, they uncover issues related to the beliefs, practices, and social, historical, and cultural background of the earliest Christians. Investigations of these issues help students understand what the writings say to their original audiences and to modern readers.

Ethics
0.5 credit
Grade: 11
This course is a discussion-based exploration of morality within the context of a living Christian faith. Students are challenged to think for themselves about what is right and wrong, how to live with moral integrity, and how to make decisions on current social and moral issues. Students in this course are expected to read and write well, be self-motivated and independent, and handle complex topics in a mature way.

Capstone: Philosophy of Faith
0.5 credit
Grade: 12
The term “capstone” refers to the pinnacle or crown of a structure. This course is designed to create a space, at the summit of students’ education at Minnehaha, for them to reflect on their understanding of what is true about God, the world, and themselves. For most students, the transition from borrowed faith to personal faith occurs during high school. In this discussion-based course, students are encouraged to listen well to others, think through options, and carefully define their beliefs regarding the core claims of the Christian faith.

These social studies courses are designed to develop students who can identify and assume the privileges and responsibilities of United States and global citizenship. They provide opportunities to build skills through analysis and research, and to formulate opinions and answer questions. Students refine communication skills when addressing controversial issues and are urged to broaden their historical perspective and to evaluate history and global studies from a Christian perspective. Classroom activities include student-led and teacher-led discussions, primary-source analysis, formative and summative assessments (written and verbal), simulations, presentations, and lectures. Within these activities and assessments, increased complexity is required for the following benchmarks and outcomes: knowledge construction; ability to compare and contrast; recognition of changes and continuities; interpretation of evidence; analysis and application of competing theories; and synthesis.

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Ancient World History
0.5 credit
As part of a three-semester, chronological sequence in 9th and 10th grades, the one-semester, 9th-grade course covers the history, geography, and culture of global civilizations from their pre-historical roots until about 500 A.D./C.E. Content includes prehistory, cradle and development of early civilizations, the expansion of early empires in the Middle East, India and China, an introduction to major world religions, and an overview of ancient Greco-Roman civilization. Explorations include cross-cultural studies of mythologies, rudiments of the ancient languages, religious rituals, trade, art and architecture, literature, social class, law, and government.

AP Human Geography
1 credit
AP Human Geography is designed to be the equivalent of an introductory college course in human geography, as well as a study of major world historical processes from 500 A.D. to the present. In AP Human Geography, students explore how humans understand, use, and change the world around them. Rather than studying the world region by region, this course is thematic, focusing on big-picture patterns and processes that occur worldwide. We will use tools such as maps and satellite imagery to examine how our societies are organized and how our actions affect the environment. By the end of this course, students will be more "geoliterate"—able to look at a landscape or a global news story and understand the "why of where." Students will develop skills in data analysis, interpretation of cultural landscapes, and solving real-world problems through a geographic lens. The major units, each building on the others, include Population and Migration, Cultural Patterns, Political Patterns, Agriculture and Land Use, Cities and Urban Land Use, and Industrial and Economic Development.

AP European History
1 credit
AP European History is designed to be the equivalent of a two-semester introductory college or university European history course. In AP European History, students investigate significant events, individuals, developments, and processes from approximately 1450 to the present. Students develop and use the same skills, practices, and methods employed by historians: analyzing primary and secondary sources; developing historical arguments; making historical comparisons; and utilizing historical reasoning. The course also provides six themes that students explore throughout the course, all of which provide opportunities for important conversations about our place in the world: Interaction of Europe and the World; Poverty and Prosperity; Objective Knowledge and Subjective Visions; States and other Institutions of Power; Individual and Society; and National and European Identity.

United States History
1 credit
Focusing on political and philosophical interpretations of the nature of the U.S. government throughout history, this course covers the Colonial Period, the Revolutionary War and the Early Republic, the Constitution, the Era of Good Feeling, Jacksonian Democracy, the Antebellum Period, and the Civil War and Reconstruction. The course also covers 20th-century U.S. history topics include Industrialism, the Progressive Era, World War I, the 1920s, the Great Depression and the New Deal, World War II, the Cold War, including the Korean War and the Vietnam War, the Great Society, the Civil Rights Movement, and the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. Students identify principles of the American political system and address contemporary challenges by tracing their historical origins and applying contextual knowledge to seek solutions. They study the diverse struggles and accomplishments of all Americans to broaden their understanding of the past. By comparing various viewpoints on major events, students form informed opinions on issues of national importance.

AP United States History
1 credit
Prerequisite: Application
AP United States History is a fast-paced, college-level overview of American history from 1491 through the start of the 21st century. Students won't just memorize facts; they will investigate the "why" and "how" behind the political, social, and cultural shifts that shaped our world today. In this course, students will learn to think like a historian by analyzing primary sources, from the Declaration of Independence to political cartoons, building strong arguments backed by evidence, and connecting themes like technology, identity, and power across different eras. This is a demanding course designed to challenge students. Requirements include a summer bridge assignment, weekly writing prompts to sharpen skills, and supplemental readings that go beyond the textbook.

Economics
0.5 credit
The focus of this course will be on applying basic economic concepts as a framework for understanding and making informed decisions about the many economic issues facing our nation and the world. Topics such as market pricing, market failure, economic measurement, monetary and fiscal policy, and globalization and trade will be examined. The course will close with a full critique of the limitations of the economic way of thinking.

United States Government & Politics
0.5 credit
This course covers the structure, function, and operation of our national, state, and local governments. It will introduce students to the influences of political parties, the media, interest groups, and other forces in the political process. The course will emphasize civic participation in the political process and will focus on current issues.

AP Macroeconomics
0.5 credit
Prerequisite: Application
The objective of AP Macroeconomics is to provide students with a thorough understanding of the basic economic principles that explain and affect economy-wide conditions. Topics include basic economic concepts, the role of government in measuring and monitoring economic performance, fiscal and monetary policy, and international economics. There is an emphasis on applying theoretical concepts and using economic reasoning, graphing, and marginal analysis. Students must be able to understand abstract concepts and process new information quickly.

AP United States Government & Politics
0.5 Credit
Prerequisite: Application
The objective of AP US Government and Politics is to introduce students to the basic structure, function, and purpose of the United States Government. The course focuses on the principles and practices of American Democracy and how they have evolved over time. Students will read key historical documents, including the Declaration of Independence, the U.S. Constitution, and the Federalist Papers, and examine a range of landmark Supreme Court decisions. This is a writing-intensive course with an emphasis on data analysis, application of course concepts, and argumentative writing.

Intro to Psychology
0.5 credit
Grades: 11, 12
In this course, students will be introduced to the divisions and core schools of thought within psychology, a broad and diverse field of study. Students will explore the brain, the biological basis of behavior, psychological research, nature versus nurture, psychological disorders, learning, sleep/dreams, and memory.

Personal Finance
0.5 credit
Grades: 11, 12
This course emphasizes the development of essential life skills through the lens of strategic financial management and responsible citizenship. Students will engage in practical, hands-on projects—including the Stock Market Game—to gain real-world experience in saving, investing, and navigating market complexities. Through a comprehensive curriculum, students will learn to master money-management habits, including creating balanced budgets, managing liquid assets, and understanding the principles of credit and insurance as tools for risk reduction. By analyzing the relationship between income and taxes and exploring retirement planning, students will build a foundation of knowledge for their financial futures. This course equips students to become healthy, informed consumers while exploring potential career paths and developing a strategic plan for their lives after graduation.

Argumentation & Debate
0.5 credit
Grades: 9, 10, 11, 12
This course emphasizes analysis and discussion of current problems. Students will have a voice in selecting a series of topics related to domestic and international controversies. After researching and analyzing those issues, they will engage in student-led dialogue to clearly voice their opinions, learn from each other’s perspectives, deliberate on shared principles, and identify potential solutions. Students in this course will expand their understanding of current social and political issues and deepen their reading, writing, and discussion skills.
Note: This course may be taken more than one semester.

World Languages help students develop a world perspective necessary for future college study, travel, or business. All languages require study; they are equally challenging and should be started early to obtain a high level of proficiency. Each language course stresses the development of proficiency in listening, reading comprehension, speaking, and writing. Each level includes grammatical concepts, oral classroom participation, and proficiency testing. Technology, field trips, skits, club activities, visual presentations, and music enhance language study. In addition, students participate in competitions and off-campus experiences with language students from around the state.

Through our CFE program, students are offered the opportunity to travel to countries where French or Spanish are spoken. These trips include touring and may include a family stay and are led by classroom instructors.

Two years of language study in the same language are required for graduation. Requests to delay or waive language instruction due to a professionally diagnosed language-based learning disability must be submitted through the school counselor. Completing two years of Minnehaha Academy Middle School Language counts as one of the two years of the graduation requirement for languages. Therefore, students meet Minnehaha’s graduation requirement for language after completing the second level of a language in the Upper School.

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FRENCH

French, along with English, is considered one of the most important lingua francas in the world. It is one of the official languages of the European Union, the United Nations, the Olympics, and many other international organizations. It is the 2nd most commonly taught foreign language in the world after English. It is spoken by more than 200 million people across five continents and is an official language in 33 countries. Any student who learns French opens up a myriad of possibilities for his/her future in college and beyond.

French I
1 credit
This foundational course introduces students to the beauty of the French language and the diversity of the Francophone world. Students begin by developing essential skills in speaking, listening, reading, and writing, with a focus on real-world communication. The curriculum emphasizes basic conversation—enabling students to express feelings, exchange opinions, and obtain information—while introducing the relationship between French culture and daily life. The course covers foundational aspects of French grammar, specifically the present, recent past, and near-future tenses. By the end of the year, students will have a strong grasp of French pronunciation and a global map of where French is spoken.

French II
1 credit
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Language 1A and 1B at MA’s Middle School OR French I
Building upon the groundwork laid in French I, this course transitions students from basic phrases to more descriptive communication. While continuing to refine pronunciation and cultural understanding, students deepen their linguistic range by comparing French structures with those of their own language. The key differentiator at this level is the introduction of complex grammatical concepts, including reflexive verbs, object and relative pronouns, and a dual focus on the past (the preterit and imperfect tenses). This allows students to narrate stories and describe past events with greater detail and accuracy as they begin to use French to reinforce knowledge from other academic disciplines.

French III
1 credit
Prerequisite: French II and teacher recommendation
French III moves students toward intermediate fluency, shifting the focus from structured repetition to creative, open-ended conversation. At this stage, students transition from simple descriptions to expressing abstract ideas. The curriculum covers the full range of verb tenses, including the subjunctive mood, enabling students to express conditions, wishes, and hypotheses in complex sentences. Students at this level engage more deeply with Francophone perspectives and use the language to support critical thinking, enabling them to navigate more nuanced social interactions and cultural comparisons.

Honors French IV
1 credit
Prerequisite: French III and teacher recommendation
This honors-level course is designed for students seeking a content-driven approach to the language. Moving beyond the mechanics of grammar, the curriculum focuses on four pillars: conversation, contemporary social issues (such as the environment and the economy), French literature, and in-depth exploration of specific regions of France and French-speaking nations. A primary goal of this level is to develop conversational confidence and strategic communication, teaching students to navigate complex conversations even when encountering unfamiliar vocabulary. Students leave this course with a sophisticated understanding of regional identities and the ability to discuss contemporary global issues in French.

AP French
1 credit
Prerequisite: Teacher recommendation
The AP French course is the pinnacle of the high school French experience, demanding a high level of academic rigor and synthesis. Designed to prepare students for the Advanced Placement exam, the course integrates French history, classic and modern literature, and current global events. Students are expected to demonstrate mastery of all grammatical structures while engaging in sophisticated analysis and debate. Unlike previous levels that focus on language acquisition, this course uses the language as the medium for high-level academic study, requiring students to communicate with a high degree of fluency and cultural sensitivity across all domains.

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SPANISH

Spanish I
1 credit
Using the comprehensible input method of language acquisition, students will develop novice-level proficiency in reading, listening, speaking, and writing in Spanish. During this course, students will form stories as a class, read appropriately-leveled novels, participate in discussions, and play games – all of which further students' ability to communicate in Spanish as quickly as possible. Students will also interact with the products, practices, and perspectives of Hispanic cultures.

Spanish II
1 credit
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Language 1A and 1B at MA’s Middle School OR Spanish I
Using the comprehensible input method of language acquisition, students will continue to develop a novice-high intermediate, low-ability level in reading, listening, speaking, and writing in Spanish. During this course, students will form stories as a class, read appropriately-leveled novels, participate in discussions, and play games – all of which further students' ability to communicate in Spanish as quickly as possible. Students will also interact with the products, practices, and perspectives of Hispanic cultures.

Spanish III
1 credit
Prerequisite: Spanish II and teacher recommendation
In this fully elective course, students will learn using the comprehensible input method of language acquisition and develop an intermediate level of reading, listening, speaking, and writing in Spanish. This course is designed to develop students' Spanish speaking skills and will be delivered through daily discussions on unit themes. Students are required to communicate exclusively in Spanish for 90-100% of each class period. Course themes can include the school environment, Christmas traditions, environmental stewardship, travel, city life, childhood, and a range of authentic stories and novels.

DE Spanish IV
1 credit
Prerequisite: Spanish III and teacher recommendation
Students continue to learn to use the language in a personal, creative, and realistic way as they discuss cultural issues and real-life contexts. In the fourth year, students continue developing communicative skills, with an emphasis on conversation and listening comprehension. Grammar is reviewed and taught as necessary.
Note: An additional $200 fee is required. Students earn 4 Bethel University credits.

DE Spanish V
1 credit
Prerequisite: DE Spanish IV and teacher recommendation
The course objectives focus on further developing communicative language skills and making cultural and linguistic comparisons. In the fifth year, students continue to develop communication skills, with an emphasis on writing and reading comprehension. Grammar is reviewed and taught as necessary, and vocabulary is greatly expanded and practiced.
Note: An additional $200 fee is required. Students earn 4 Bethel University credits.

AP Spanish
1 credit
Grades: 11, 12
Prerequisite: Teacher recommendation
AP Spanish Language and Culture is a rigorous language-acquisition course that prepares students to use Spanish in authentic contexts and to communicate deeply about real-world themes. It provides students with the skills and intercultural understanding needed to communicate effectively in the target language and offers opportunities to develop proficiency across the three modes of communication: interpretive, interpersonal, and presentational.

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LATIN

Latin I
1 credit
What was Pompeii like in the first century A.D.? Students in this course will be introduced to the language and culture of the Romans by the family of Lucius Caecilius Iucundus, a banker whose home survived the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. In this course, students will learn to read for comprehension and develop an understanding of Roman civilization's history and culture.

Latin II
1 credit
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Language 1A and 1B at MA’s Middle School or Latin I
Students will travel with Quintus, a survivor of the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, to Britannia and back to Rome as they learn how the Roman Empire expanded northward. Students will gain a better understanding of Latin grammar as they learn about verb voices and moods, participles, and specialized grammatical constructions.

Latin III
1 credit
Prerequisite: Latin II
Latin III is a transitional course in which students begin to read unadapted works of Roman authors alongside those composed by the modern textbook authors. The focus is on learning complex grammatical constructions and rhetorical devices. Upon completion of this course, students will be prepared to read Latin literature with the help of commentary.

Honors Latin IV
1 credit
Prerequisite: Latin III and teacher recommendation
In this course, students will improve their translation and interpretation skills by reading works by influential authors, including Horace, Ovid, and Catullus. Weekly grammatical and vocabulary exercises will supplement the translation assignments. Additional emphasis will be placed on relevant historical, archaeological, and philosophical elements that are pertinent to the texts.

DE Latin V
1 credit
Grade 12
Prerequisite: Honors Latin IV and teacher recommendation
In this dual enrollment course, students will read large selections of Vergil’s Aeneid in Latin. The aim of this course is to improve the student’s ability to read, translate, analyze, and interpret Latin. Reading and interpretation of the text will be accompanied by vocabulary and grammar exercises. Additional emphasis will be placed on relevant historical, archaeological, and philosophical elements. The student will gain substantial knowledge of Latin and develop a foundation in independent research skills appropriate for university philological research. Note: An additional $145 fee is required. Students earn 4 University of Minnesota credits.

The Physical Education and Health department at Minnehaha Academy provides students with opportunities to develop healthy habits and understand their importance. Students in physical education receive support to maintain a healthy level of fitness, participate in lifelong activities, practice teamwork and collaboration, and demonstrate sportsmanship. In health classes, students will learn the knowledge and skills to be an advocate for their health and well-being.

Minnehaha Academy’s core values motivate the department to hold students to a high standard in physical education and health. Students are assessed using a variety of methods, including pre- and post-tests, writing papers, self-reflection, rubrics, teacher observation, and self-assessments.

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Fitness Foundations
0.5 credit
Grades: 9, 10, 11, 12
This class focuses on proper exercise technique, progression, and a variety of training workouts. Sports activities that develop fitness and skills are included. Students will write fitness-related goals aligned with their health and fitness needs and strive to achieve them throughout the semester. Students will receive instruction in training principles, workout types, major muscle groups, proper safety and technique in the fitness room, and general guidelines for a workout program. Students will keep workout logs and track their progression throughout the course. At the end of the semester, students will assess how effective their workouts were in helping them reach their goals and plan for their future health and fitness.

Team Sports
0.5 credit
Grades: 9, 10, 11, 12
This course focuses on the multi-dimensional aspects of team sports. The three main objectives of this course are to enhance students’ competency (skills, strategies, and content knowledge), literacy (rules, rituals, traditions, and the history of the sport), and enthusiasm (values and enjoy the activity; preserve, promote, and protect activity culture) in team sports.

Personal Fitness
0.5 credit
Grades: 10, 11, 12
Prerequisite: Fitness Foundations or Team Sports
The main goal of this class is to provide a foundation for a lifelong commitment to health and fitness. In this course, students will understand the components of fitness and how to build fitness levels across them. Instruction in proper warm-up, resistance training, and exercise is provided. Students will design a fitness program tailored to their needs and goals. They will be able to assess and improve their fitness levels through weight training and activities/sports that promote cardiovascular fitness.

Health & Wellness
0.5 credit
Grades: 10, 11, 12
This course addresses many of the health issues students face today. The emphasis is on providing accurate information, knowledge, and skills to help students make well-informed, wise, and healthy choices and decisions now and throughout their lives. Topics covered in the curriculum include analyzing health influences, recognizing and managing stress, the importance of sleep, mental health, drug education, sex education, and health advocacy. Students are also trained in CPR and emergency first aid.

Learning Lab
.5 or 1 credit
Open to 9, 10, 11, 12
Admission by special process – see counselors.

Learning Labs provide structured support for students as they complete assignments and develop effective organization and study habits. Designed for students with diagnosed learning disabilities or identified academic needs, the course offers targeted assistance to help them strengthen executive functioning skills, manage workloads, and build confidence as learners.